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Lung cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells in the lungs. Normally, cells divide and replicate as part of their normal function. However, sometimes mutations occur, causing cells to divide uncontrollably. These damaged cells form masses, or tumors, which can eventually impair the function of organs.
It refers to cancers that originate in the lungs, generally in the airways (bronchi or bronchioles) or the small air sacs (alveoli). Cancers that originate in other parts of the body and spread to the lungs are usually referred to by the location where they began. In such cases, your doctor may describe this condition as metastatic cancer to the lungs.
Moreover, It is the third most common Cancer in the USA and is caused by harmful cells present in the lungs that grow unchecked. Different types of treatment are Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Radiation, and Targeted drugs. Advancements in the treatment options are causing a significant decline in lung cancer deaths.
Types
Following are different kinds of Lung Cancer
- Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for over 80% of cases. Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are two popular kinds of non-small cell lung cancer. Sarcomatoid and adenosquamous carcinomas are less prevalent.
- Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) grows more rapidly and is more challenging to treat than NSCLC. It is often detected as a relatively small lung tumor that has already spread to other parts of the body. Specific types of SCLC include small cell carcinoma (also known as oat cell carcinoma) and combined small cell carcinoma.
Other Types of Cancer in the Lungs
Other cancers can originate in or around the lungs, such as
- lymphomas (cancer in the lymph nodes)
- sarcomas (cancer in the bones or soft tissue)
- pleural mesothelioma (cancer in the lining of the lungs)
These cancers are treated differently and are usually not classified as lung cancer.
Lung Cancer Stages
It is important to determine the stage of lung cancer by finding out how far the cancer has spread, before initiating treatment of lung cancer.
The following are the four lung cancer stages of NSCLC:
- Stage 1 lung cancer: Cancer is restricted to the lung
- Stage 2 lung cancer: Cancer has spread to the nearby lymph nodes
- Stage 3 lung cancer: (3a) Cancer is in the lung and the lymph nodes located on the same side (3b) Cancer is in the lung and has spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side
- Stage 4 lung cancer: Cancer has spread to both the lungs and other organs and surrounding tissues
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IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele
milan, Italy
- Premier multi-speciality research hospital specialising in molecular medicine, gene therapy, and cardiovascular care.
- Part of Gruppo San Donato (GSD) and affiliated with Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele.
- Treats around 1.5 million patients annually, including many international visitors.
- Designated as a European Reference Centre (ERN GUARD-Heart) for complex heart conditions.
- Offers advanced services in cardiac surgery, electrophysiology, oncology, urology, gene therapy, plastic surgery, and diagnostic imaging.
- Equipped with state-of-the-art operating theatres, diagnostic labs, and 1,640 patient beds.
- Provides multilingual support, patient-focused care, and on-site pharmacies, labs, and cafeterias.
- Ranked among the World’s Best Specialised Hospitals (2025) for cardiology and cardiac surgery.
Casa di Cura La Madonnina
milan, Italy
- Casa di Cura La Madonnina is a renowned multidisciplinary private clinic in Milan, Italy. It provides premium healthcare services with a focus on advanced diagnostics, personalised care, and surgical excellence. The clinic offers state-of-the-art operating rooms, luxury patient rooms, and an exclusive patient experience for both Italian and international patients. It is recognised for its expertise in fields such as fertility and IVF, cardiology, plastic surgery, and digestive endoscopy.
- It integrates clinical excellence with a high standard of comfort and privacy, making it one of the most prestigious private healthcare institutions in Italy.
IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi- Sant’Ambrogio
milan, Italy
- IRCCS Galeazzi Hospital – Sant’Ambrogio is a leading multidisciplinary hospital located in Milan, Italy. It is internationally renowned for its excellence in orthopaedics, cardiovascular care, and advanced minimally invasive surgery. The hospital features cutting-edge diagnostic technology and state-of-the-art surgical facilities. It is part of the San Donato Hospital Group, combining research, innovation, and high-quality patient care.
- Recognised since 2006 as an IRCCS for research in locomotor system diseases.
- It combines high‑quality clinical care with translational and basic research in orthopaedics, biomechanics, regenerative medicine, etc.
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