At IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi- Sant’Ambrogio, Closed Heart Surgery is performed using specialised cardiac surgical techniques and comprehensive preoperative cardiovascular assessment. Established in 1963, this SSN accredited hospital in milan, Italy has 560 beds and offers advanced pediatric and cardiothoracic surgical services.

Closed Heart Surgery may be considered for selected conditions such as patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation of the aorta, vascular rings, or certain congenital heart abnormalities that can be treated without directly opening the heart chambers. The surgical approach depends on the patient's diagnosis, age, anatomy, and overall health. Preoperative evaluation may include echocardiography, CT or MRI, cardiac catheterisation, and other cardiovascular tests, as appropriate.