Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) Treatment in Singapore
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What is Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)?
Chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) is an uncommon bone marrow malignancy. Bone marrow is the spongy substance found inside bones that produces blood cells. CML increases the quantity of white blood cells in the bloodstream.
The term chronic in chronic myelogenous leukaemia refers to cancer that progresses more slowly than severe kinds of leukaemia. The term myelogenous relates to the cells affected by this malignancy.
Chronic myelogenous leukaemia is also known as chronic myeloid or chronic granulocytic leukaemia. It mainly affects older adults and is infrequently seen in children, but it can happen at any age.
Advances in treatment have improved the prognosis for persons with chronic myelogenous leukaemia.
What is the Importance of Timely Treatment?
- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) must be treated as soon as possible to improve patient outcomes and manage the disease efficiently.
- Early treatment can keep the disease from developing to the more aggressive blastic phase, which is more challenging to treat. Early therapy increases long-term survival rates and lowers the chance of complications, relapses, or progression to acute leukaemia, which has inferior outcomes.
- Furthermore, timely therapy aids in the control of symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and pain, allowing patients to maintain a higher quality of life. Therefore, early and consistent therapy of CML is essential for better disease control, increased survival, and improved overall health.
What are the Common Symptoms of Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)?
Chronic myelogenous leukaemia is generally asymptomatic. A blood test may identify it. Symptoms may include:
- Bone discomfort
- Bleeding easily
- Feeling satisfied after consuming a tiny quantity of food
- Fatigue
- Fever
- You can lose weight without trying
- Loss of appetite
- Pain or fullness beneath the ribcage on the left side
- Excessive sweating when asleep
- Blurry vision is produced by bleeding in the rear of the eye
Stages of Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)
- Chronic CML: The term chronic usually refers to a long-term condition. In CML, the phrase refers to the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in your bone marrow and blood. In chronic CML, blasts account for approximately 10% of your blood and bone marrow cells.
- Accelerated CML: Blasts account for 10% to 19% of cells in your blood or bone marrow during the Accelerated CML phase.
- Blast (Blast Crisis) CML: Blast can be life-threatening. In blast CML, testing shows that blasts account for 20% or more of your bone marrow or blood cells.
- Resistant CML: This refers to CML that recurs or does not respond to treatment.
Causes, Risk Factors and Complications of Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)
Causes
Chronic myelogenous leukaemia occurs when something changes the bone marrow cells.
A new chromosome develops.
- In persons with chronic myelogenous leukaemia, the chromosomes in blood cells swap parts. A portion of chromosome 9 swaps positions with a section of chromosome 22. This results in a tiny chromosome 22 and an extremely long chromosome 9.
- The extra-short chromosome 22 is known as the Philadelphia chromosome. 90% of chronic myelogenous leukaemia patients have the Philadelphia chromosome in their blood cells.
The Philadelphia chromosome generates a new gene.
- The Philadelphia chromosome combines chromosomes 9 and 22 to form a new gene known as BCR-ABL. The BCR-ABL gene tells the blood cells to produce too much of a tyrosine kinase protein. Tyrosine kinase promotes cancer by allowing some blood cells to proliferate uncontrollably.
The new gene allows for too many unhealthy blood cells
- Tyrosine kinase in chronic myelogenous leukaemia promotes the growth of excessive white blood cells. The Philadelphia chromosome is present in most, if not all, of these cells. The defective white blood cells do not develop and perish as they should.
- The defective white blood cells accumulate in large numbers. They deplete healthy blood cells and harm the bone marrow.
Risk Factors
The following factors enhance the risk of chronic myelogenous leukaemia:
- Older age: CML is more prevalent in older persons than children and teenagers.
- Being Male: Men have a slightly higher risk of acquiring CML than women.
- Radiation exposure: Radiation therapy for specific forms of cancer has been associated with CML.
Complications
Individuals with CML may develop:
- Anaemia: This disorder develops when you do not have enough red blood cells.
- Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen)
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Latest Research and Technologies in the Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) in Singapore
- Advanced CML therapies in Singapore include single-cell RNA sequencing for individualised treatment and improved remission results, AI-driven drug resistance prediction, and targeting genetic variables such as MCL-1.
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) Prevention Tips
Some prevention tips for Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML):
- Avoid radiation exposure
- Minimise chemical exposure
- Maintain a healthy lifestyle
- Quit smoking, as Smoking increases the risk of various cancers, including CML.
- Regular health check-ups
These tips support overall health but cannot specifically prevent CML.
Treatment options for Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy focuses on specific molecules in cancer cells, such as the tyrosine kinase protein in chronic myelogenous leukaemia.
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Bone marrow transplant: A bone marrow transplant heals chronic myelogenous leukaemia, although it is only recommended for patients who have not received previous treatments due to the dangers and problems involved. High-dose chemotherapy destroys blood-forming cells, while donor blood stem cells replace damaged ones.
Cost Start From USD 120000 - USD 150000Explore Options
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy employs potent medications to attack cancer cells. Chemotherapy medicines are occasionally coupled with targeted therapy to treat aggressive, chronic myelogenous leukaemia.
Cost Start From USD 36600 - USD 0Explore Options
The following tests and procedures diagnose Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML):
- Complete blood count (CBC): A complete blood count (CBC) may be performed to determine whether there are too many white or too few red blood cells.
- Bone marrow aspiration or biopsy: Providers collect small amounts of fluid or tissue for genetic testing. A medical pathologist will run tests to determine the genetic makeup of aberrant cells.
- Computed tomography (CT) scan: Providers utilise a computed tomography (CT) scan to assess whether CML impacts other sections of your body.
- Ultrasound: Your provider may use this test to check whether your spleen is more prominent than usual. CML symptoms include an enlarged spleen.
- Physical Therapy: Physical therapy enhances strength, mobility, and total physical function during and after treatment. Physical therapy can help CML patients recover and maintain their activity levels.
- Cognitive Rehabilitation: Some CML patients may have "chemo brain," including memory or attention difficulties. Cognitive therapy can help to improve mental function and concentration.
- Occupational Therapy: Occupational therapy assists patients in regaining daily and work-related skills. Occupational therapists can help with changes to the home or work environment to accommodate fatigue or physical restrictions.
- Dietary Management: Eating a well-balanced diet can help you retain strength, control prescription side effects, and improve overall health.
MediGence can assist and guide you in selecting the best physician and medical facility for your care.
Depending on the circumstances, your doctor may prescribe medication to assist you in managing your symptoms and support your treatment plan.
Treatment regimens are adapted to the patient's specific cancer stage and location.
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Hospitals for Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in Singapore
Mount Elizabeth Novena Hospital
Novena, Singapore
Mount Elizabeth Novena Hospital located in Novena, Singapore is accredited by JCI. Also listed below are some of the most prominent infrastructural details:
- Capacity of 333 beds
- Intensive Care Unit beds
- Endoscopy beds
- Day ward with 20 beds
- 13 Operating Theatres, which includes 1 Neurological operating room, 2 Cardiac operating rooms, 4 Orthopaedic operating rooms, etc.
- High Dependency Unit (HDU)
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)
- 24/7 Accident & Emergency Department
- Maternity ward
- 1 major operating unit with 13 operating rooms inclusive of 1 hybrid theatre
- In-house Pharmacy
- Rooms are categorized as Single Signature Rooms, Junior Suite and Regal Suite
- All patient rooms are equipped with electric safe, LCD, sofa cum bed, wardrobe, radio channels, and much more
Parkway East Hospital
Singapore, Singapore
Parkway East Hospital located in Joo Chiat Pl, Singapore is accredited by JCI. Also listed below are some of the most prominent infrastructural details:
- Total capacity for 143 beds
- Hospital rooms are available- Single room, 2-bedded room (8), 4-bedded room (2), Deluxe room, and Orchid/Hibiscus Suite
- All rooms are equipped with all ensuite facilities like Free wifi, mini fridge, sofa couch, telephone, in-room safe, TV, etc.
- Maternity wards- Accredited as a baby-friendly hospital under the World Health Organisations Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI)
- 1 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) with 14 cots
- Intensive Care Unit
- 1 Operation Theatre with 5 Operating rooms
- 1 Nursery with 30 cots
- 1 Parentcraft room
- 24-hour walk-in-clinic (for emergency)
- 24-hour Pharmacy
Mount Elizabeth Hospital
Singapore, Singapore
Mount Elizabeth Hospital located in Singapore, Singapore is accredited by JCI. Also listed below are some of the most prominent infrastructural details:
- 345 bedded Hospital
- Maternity wards
- The Mount Elizabeth Patient Assistance Centre (MPAC)
- 1 major operating unit with 12 operating rooms and 1 operating theatre dedicated to in vitro fertilisation (IVF)
- Intensive Care Unit
- High Dependency Unit (HDU)
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)
- Accident & Emergency Department
- Rooms are categorized as Single rooms, 2-bedded rooms, 4-bedded rooms, Executive deluxe suite, Daffodil/Magnolia suite, VIP Room, and Royal Suite
- All patient rooms are equipped with electric safe, LCD, sofa cum bed, wardrobe, radio channels, and much more
- Parking lot
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Why Choose Singapore for Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) Treatment?
Here are some of the reasons for choosing Singapore:
- Expert Oncology Care: Singapore has highly skilled oncologists and specialist CML treatment centres that use modern targeted treatments and stem cell transplants.
- Advanced Treatment Options: Treatments include the most recent tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), genetic testing, and stem cell transplantation to provide individualised therapy.
- Affordable and high-quality care: Singapore offers cost-effective therapy without sacrificing quality, making it an appealing destination for overseas patients.
- Accredited Facilities: Singapore hospitals are JCI-accredited, which ensures high-quality medical care.
- Seamless International Services: Singapore healthcare facilities provide multilingual support and personalised care to international patients.
Frequently Asked Questions
Treatment for Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) is quite successful in Singapore, with a five-year survival rate of 86%. However, resistance may necessitate therapeutic modifications for 30 to 50% of patients. Treatment adherence greatly enhances results, particularly when significant molecular responses are attained.
Although recurrence is uncommon, it can occur, particularly if the disease is not adequately controlled or the patient grows resistant to treatment. Regular monitoring and treatment changes can manage relapsed CML.
Side effects differ depending on the specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), but may include:
- Stomach ache.
- Fatigue.
- Diarrhea.
- Muscle cramping.
- Edema.
- Pleural effusion (fluid collection around the lungs).
- Pancreatitis.
- Damage to your liver.
- Low white blood cell and platelet levels.
Indeed, numerous specialised clinics in Singapore treat Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML). These facilities provide specialised haematologists and oncologists, targeted therapies including tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and state-of-the-art diagnostic methods. Patients with CML can receive comprehensive care from these hospitals, which includes access to clinical research and individualised treatment strategies.
Yes, it can. CML patients may be more likely to develop other types of cancer (second malignancies). A recent study found that approximately 30% of persons with chronic myeloid leukaemia got second malignancies, including:
- Small intestine cancer
- Thyroid cancer
- Stomach cancer
- Lung cancer
- Prostate cancer
Although there is no clear regional pattern for chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) in Singapore, urban regions may have a higher frequency. According to certain studies, certain ethnic groups also have greater rates.
In Singapore, patients with severe stages of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) or those who do not respond to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are treated with stem cell transplants, also referred to as bone marrow transplants.
Especially for patients with high-risk or drug-resistant CML, this treatment may result in a cure. For optimal outcomes, Singapore's cutting-edge healthcare system makes stem cell transplantation possible through specialised clinics.