Carotid Artery Stenosis Treatment in Turkey

What is a Carotid Artery Stenosis?

Carotid Artery Stenosis occurs when plaque accumulates inside the carotid arteries and narrows the passage through which blood flows to the brain. The plaque is commonly made up of cholesterol, fatty substances, calcium, and other materials. Mild narrowing may cause no symptoms, while more significant disease can increase the risk of TIA or ischemic stroke.

What is the Importance of Timely Treatment?

Timely diagnosis is important because carotid artery stenosis may remain unnoticed until a TIA or stroke occurs. Evaluation helps determine the degree of narrowing, whether symptoms are related to the affected artery, and the most appropriate treatment. Managing the condition can reduce the risk of future stroke and address cardiovascular risk factors.

What are the Common Symptoms of a Carotid Artery Stenosis?

• Weakness or Numbness: Weakness or numbness, particularly on one side of the face or body, may occur during a TIA or stroke.
• Speech Difficulties: Sudden difficulty speaking, finding words, or understanding speech may indicate impaired blood flow to areas of the brain responsible for language.
• Vision Changes: Temporary or persistent vision loss in one eye can occur when blood flow to the eye is affected.
• Dizziness or Loss of Balance: Sudden dizziness, difficulty walking, or loss of coordination may occur during a neurological event.
• Confusion: Sudden confusion or difficulty understanding surroundings can be a warning sign of a TIA or stroke.
• Severe or Sudden Neurological Symptoms: Sudden severe headache, weakness, vision problems, or difficulty speaking requires immediate medical assessment.

Causes and Risk Factors of Carotid Artery Stenosis

Causes

• Atherosclerosis: Plaque buildup inside the carotid artery is the most common cause.
• High Cholesterol: Excess cholesterol can contribute to plaque formation and progression.
• Arterial Inflammation: Certain inflammatory conditions can affect the blood-vessel wall.
• Carotid Artery Dissection: A tear in the artery wall can narrow the vessel and may occur for different reasons.
• Radiation or Previous Neck Treatment: Previous radiation therapy to the neck can contribute to vascular disease in some individuals.
• Rare Vascular Disorders: Fibromuscular dysplasia and other less common vascular conditions may affect carotid arteries.

Risk Factors

• Older Age: The risk of atherosclerotic carotid disease generally increases with age.
• High Blood Pressure: Persistent hypertension can damage arterial walls and promote atherosclerosis.
• High Cholesterol: Elevated LDL cholesterol contributes to plaque formation.
• Smoking: Tobacco exposure significantly increases vascular disease and stroke risk.
• Diabetes: Diabetes can accelerate atherosclerosis and increase cardiovascular risk.
• Obesity and Physical Inactivity: These factors can contribute to high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol, and other vascular risks.
• Previous TIA or Stroke: A previous neurological event may indicate an increased risk of future events.

Latest Research and Technologies in the Treatment of Carotid Artery Stenosis in Turkey

• Advances in carotid artery disease management increasingly focus on accurate assessment of plaque, stroke risk, and individual patient characteristics rather than treating narrowing based on percentage alone. High-resolution vascular imaging, improved ultrasound techniques, CT angiography, and MR angiography can help clinicians evaluate the degree of stenosis and plaque characteristics. Newer treatments, such as transcarotid artery revascularisation (TCAR) and advances in carotid stenting and plaque assessment, are being studied and used in selected patients.