Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) Treatment in Malaysia

What is Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)?

Myelodysplastic syndrome is a group of cancers that prevents hematopoietic stem cells from developing into healthy blood cells. Without enough healthy blood cells, people risk developing dangerous illnesses such as anaemia, frequent infections, and uncontrollable bleeding. Some patients with MDS may develop acute myeloid leukaemia (AML).

What is the Importance of Timely Treatment?

Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) should be treated as soon as possible to prevent it from progressing to acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), relieve symptoms such as fatigue and anaemia, and improve general health.

Early intervention enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy and stem cell transplants, improving outcomes. It also helps to reduce life-threatening complications such as infections and bleeding, which improves the prognosis and survival rates.

Therefore, timely treatment is critical for effectively controlling MDS and giving patients a better long-term outlook.

What are the Common Symptoms of Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)?

People with myelodysplastic syndromes may not exhibit signs and symptoms at first.

Myelodysplastic syndromes could cause:

• Fatigue
• Shortness of breath.
• Unusual paleness (pallor) caused by decreased red blood cell count (anaemia)
• Low blood platelet count (thrombocytopenia) causes easy or uncommon bruising and bleeding.
• Pinpoint-sized red spots beneath the skin are caused by bleeding.
• Frequent infections are caused by a low white blood cell count (leukopenia).

Types of Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)

The World Health Organisation classifies myelodysplastic syndromes into subcategories based on the kind of blood cells involved (red cells, white cells, and platelets).

The myelodysplastic syndrome has several subtypes, including:

• Myelodysplastic disorders with a single lineage dysplasia: One type of blood cell, such as white blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets, has a low number and appears abnormal under the microscope.
• Myelodysplastic disorders with multilineage dysplasia: This subtype has two or three aberrant blood cell types.
• Myelodysplastic syndromes with ring sideroblasts: This subtype includes a small number of one or more blood cell types. One distinguishing aspect is the presence of extra iron rings in existing red blood cells in the bone marrow.
• Myelodysplastic syndromes with a solitary del(5q) chromosomal defect: People with this subtype have low red blood cells, which contain a unique mutation in their DNA.
• Myelodysplastic diseases with excessive blasts: In this subtype, any of the three types of blood cells, red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets, may be depleted and appear abnormal under the microscope. The blood and bone marrow contain very young blood cells known as blasts.
• Myelodysplastic disorders that cannot be classified: This subtype has a lower amount of one or more types of mature blood cells, and the cells may appear unusual under a microscope. Sometimes, blood cells appear normal, but investigation may reveal DNA alterations linked with myelodysplastic syndromes.

Causes, Risk Factors and Complications of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)

Causes

• A healthy person's bone marrow produces new, immature blood cells that mature over time. Myelodysplastic disorders occur when this process is disrupted, preventing the blood cells from maturing.
• Rather than growing properly, blood cells die in the bone marrow or shortly after entering the bloodstream. Over time, there are more immature, defective cells than healthy ones, resulting in issues such as fatigue caused by a lack of healthy red blood cells (anaemia), infections caused by a lack of healthy white blood cells (leukopenia), and bleeding caused by a lack of blood-clotting platelets.
• The majority of myelodysplastic syndromes have no known causes. Others are caused by exposure to cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation.

Risk Factors

The following factors can raise your risk of myelodysplastic syndromes:

• Older age: Myelodysplastic disorders primarily affect adults over the age of 60.
• Previously treated with chemotherapy or radiation: Chemotherapy and radiation therapy, two frequent cancer treatments, can raise your chance of developing myelodysplastic syndromes.
• Exposure to specific chemicals

Complications

Myelodysplastic syndromes can have the following complications:

• Anaemia: Anaemia, or a lack of red blood cells, can cause fatigue.
• Recurrent infections: A low white blood cell count raises your risk of serious illnesses.
• Bleeding that won't stop: Excessive bleeding might occur when you do not have enough platelets in your blood to stop it.
• Increased risk of cancer: Some persons with myelodysplastic syndromes may develop malignancy of the bone marrow and blood cells (leukaemia).

Latest Research and Technologies in the Treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) in Malaysia

• Adoption of Novel Targeted Therapies: Malaysia is investigating cutting-edge therapies that have demonstrated potential in enhancing the prognosis of patients with lower-risk MDS, particularly those who are blood transfusion-dependent.
• Global Clinical Trial Participation: Malaysian medical facilities regularly participate in worldwide research, assessing novel medications such as oral medications that try to increase the synthesis of blood cells and lessen the need for transfusions.

Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) Prevention Tips

• While there is no sure approach to prevent Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS), the following steps may help lessen the risk or contribute to early detection:
• Prevent exposure to hazardous chemicals.
• Minimise radiation exposure.
• Maintain a healthy lifestyle by eating balanced food, exercising regularly, and not smoking.
• Monitor genetic disorders that may raise the risk of MDS.
• Regular check-ups and blood testing are recommended for early detection, particularly for those with a family history or an increased risk.