At IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Norwood Surgery is performed using specialised neonatal cardiac surgery techniques and comprehensive preoperative cardiac assessment. Established in 1971, this SSN accredited hospital in milan, Italy has 1350 beds and offers advanced pediatric cardiology, congenital heart surgery, and intensive-care services.

Norwood Surgery may be considered for newborns with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and selected other congenital heart defects in which the left side of the heart cannot adequately support systemic circulation. During the operation, the surgeon reconstructs the outflow pathway from the right ventricle to the body and establishes pulmonary blood flow using a shunt or other appropriate conduit. Detailed echocardiography and cardiac imaging help define the anatomy and guide surgical planning.