Stroke (Ischemic, Hemorrhagic)

Introduction to Stroke

A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from receiving oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die, leading to sudden loss of movement, speech, or other critical functions. Stroke remains one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, but with timely intervention and rehabilitation, recovery and independence are possible.

Types of Stroke

Strokes are primarily classified into two major types, depending on their cause:

1. Ischemic Stroke

This is the most common type, accounting for nearly 80% of all strokes. It occurs when a blood clot blocks or narrows an artery supplying blood to the brain.

Subtypes:

• Thrombotic Stroke: A clot forms within the arteries that supply the brain.
• Embolic Stroke: A clot forms elsewhere (usually the heart) and travels to the brain

2. Hemorrhagic Stroke<

This type occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures, causing bleeding within or around the brain. The bleeding compresses brain tissue and disrupts normal function.

Subtypes:

• Intracerebral Haemorrhage: Bleeding within the brain tissue itself.
• Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Bleeding in the space between the brain and the membranes covering it.

Common Causes & Risk Factors

Stroke can happen to anyone, but certain factors increase risk:

• Uncontrolled hypertension
• Diabetes mellitus
• Heart disease / atrial fibrillation
• High cholesterol
• Smoking & alcohol use
• Obesity & physical inactivity
• Family history of stroke

Why Rehabilitation Is Critical After Stroke

Stroke rehabilitation begins as soon as the patient is medically stable — sometimes within 24–48 hours. Early rehab is key to regaining lost abilities and preventing complications.

Goals of Stroke Rehabilitation:

• Regain mobility, balance, and coordination
• Improve speech, swallowing, and cognitive skills
• Relearn daily activities and self-care
• Prevent future strokes and complications
• Rebuild emotional and psychological resilience

Signs & Symptoms of Stroke

Recognizing a stroke early is vital, every minute counts. The acronym FAST helps detect key warning signs:

• F – Face: Drooping on one side of the face
• A – Arms: Weakness or numbness in one arm
• S – Speech: Slurred or strange speech
• T – Time: Call emergency services immediately

Other symptoms include sudden:

• Loss of balance or coordination
• Vision changes in one or both eyes
• Severe headache with no known cause
• Confusion or trouble understanding speech