Dysmenorrhea refers to painful menstrual cramps that occur before or during menstruation and can significantly affect daily activities and quality of life. The pain is typically felt in the lower abdomen and may radiate to the back or thighs. Some women may also experience nausea, fatigue, headaches, or diarrhea. While primary dysmenorrhea occurs without an underlying disease, secondary dysmenorrhea may be associated with conditions such as endometriosis, adenomyosis, or uterine fibroids. Proper evaluation is important to determine the cause and provide effective symptom relief.